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Problem Reports and Solutions

Problem Reports and Solutions in Windows Vista
Developer(s)	Microsoft
Stable release	6.0.6001.18000 / February 4, 2008
Operating system	Microsoft Windows
Type	System utility
License	Proprietary software
Website	Windows Vista: Features Explained: Problems Report and Solutions

Problem Reports and Solutions is a Control Panel applet included in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008. It keeps a record of all system and application issues and errors detailed by Windows Error Reporting, as well as presents a list of all existing possible solutions to errors. For problems with undetermined causes, solutions are displayed as soon as they become available.

In Windows 7, Microsoft’s latest version of Windows due for release around July 2009, Problem Reports and Solutions will be replaced by the Windows Action Center, where all system maintenance will take place.

See also

• Dr. Watson (debugger)
• Windows Error Reporting

References

• Windows Error Reporting and Problem Reports and Solutions Feature in Windows Vista

page one guess lenis

Artist conception of the TRMM satellite.

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a joint space mission between NASA and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) designed to monitor and study tropical rainfall. The term refers to both the mission itself and the satellite that the mission uses to collect data. TRMM is part of NASA’s Mission to Planet Earth, a long-term, coordinated research effort to study the Earth as a global system. The satellite was launched on November 27, 1997 from the Tanegashima Space Center in Tanegashima, Japan.

Instruments aboard the TRMM

Precipitation Radar (PR)

The Precipitation Radar is the first spaceborne instrument designed to provide three-dimensional maps of storm structure. The measurements yield information on the intensity and distribution of the rain, on the rain type, on the storm depth and on the height at which the snow melts into rain. The estimates of the heat released into the atmosphere at different heights based on these measurements can be used to improve models of the global atmospheric circulation.

TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI)

The TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) is a passive microwave sensor designed to provide quantitative rainfall information over a wide swath under the TRMM satellite. By carefully measuring the minute amounts of microwave energy emitted by the Earth and its atmosphere, TMI will be able to quantify the water vapor, the cloud water, and the rainfall intensity in the atmosphere. It is a relatively small instrument that consumes little power. This, combined with the wide swath and the quantitative information regarding rainfall make TMI the “workhorse” of the rain-measuring package on Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission.

Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS)

The Visible and Infrared Scanner is one of the three instruments in the rain-measuring package and serves as a very indirect indicator of rainfall. VIRS, as its name implies, senses radiation coming up from the Earth in five spectral regions, ranging from visible to infrared, or 0.63 to 12 micrometers. VIRS is included in the primary instrument package for two reasons. First is its ability to delineate rainfall. The second, and even more important reason, is to serve as a transfer standard to other measurements that are made routinely using POES and GOES satellites. The intensity of the radiation in the various spectral regions (or bands) can be used to determine the brightness (visible and near infrared) or temperature (infrared) of the source.

Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES)

CERES measures the energy at the top of the atmosphere, as well as estimates energy levels within the atmosphere and at the Earth’s surface. Using information from very high resolution cloud imaging instruments on the same spacecraft, CERES also will determine cloud properties, including cloud-amount, altitude, thickness, and the size of the cloud particles. All of these measurements are critical for understanding the Earth’s total climate system and improving climate prediction models.

Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS)

The Lightning Imaging Sensor is a small, highly sophisticated instrument that detects and locates lightning over the tropical region of the globe. The lightning detector is a compact combination of optical and electronic elements including a staring imager capable of locating and detecting lightning within individual storms. The imager’s field of view allows the sensor to observe a point on the Earth or a cloud for 80 seconds, a sufficient time to estimate the flashing rate, which tells researchers whether a storm is growing or decaying.

Muscle Building Diet

Raymond Herbert Talbot (August 19, 1896, Chicago – January 30, 1955, Pueblo, Colorado) was a Colorado politician who served as Governor of Colorado for ten days in 1937.

Talbot, an electrical engineer, was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives in 1926 and to the Colorado Senate in 1928. In 1932, he was elected Lieutenant Governor as the running made of Edwin C. Johnson. Johnson resigned as Governor on January 1, 1937, ten days before the expiration of his term, to take his seat in the United States Senate. Talbot was sworn in as Governor to fill the ten-day interim until the start of the term of newly elected Governor Teller Ammons.

After his brief term as Governor, Talbot served as a city commissioner and postmaster of Pueblo, Colorado, and continued in office as president of the Colorado State Fair Commission (1931-53).

v • d • e Governors of Colorado Routt · Pitkin · Grant · Eaton · A. Adams · Cooper · Routt · Waite · McIntire · A. Adams · Thomas · Orman · Peabody · A. Adams · McDonald · Buchtel · Shafroth · E. Ammons · Carlson · Gunter · Shoup · Sweet · Morley · W. Adams · E. Johnson · Talbot · T. Ammons · Carr · Vivian · Knous · W. Johnson · Thornton · E. Johnson · McNichols · Love · Vanderhoof · Lamm · Romer · Owens · Ritter

Diet And Weight Lose

This is a list of professional cyclists who died during a race, most of them because of a fall. Not all of them died immediately; many were brought to a hospital and died there afterwards because of the wounds caused by the fall.

• 1930s
  • Georges Lemaire, Belgium, Belgian club championship, 1933
  • Francisco Cepeda, Spain, Tour de France, 1935
  • André Raynaud, France, 1937
• 1940s
• 1950s
  • Camille Danguillaume, France, French National Cycling Championship, 1950
  • Serse Coppi, Italy, Tour of Piedmont, 1951
  • Stan Ockers, Belgium, a track race in Antwerp, 1956
  • Russell Mockridge, Australia, Tour of Gippsland, 1958
• 1960s
  • Knud Enemark Jensen, 1960 Summer Olympic Games, 1960
  • Tom Simpson, United Kingdom, Tour de France, 1967
  • José Samyn, France, a small race in Belgium, 1969
• 1970s
  • Jean-Pierre Monseré, Belgium, GP Retie, 1971
  • Manuel Galera, Spain, Tour of Andalusia, 1972
  • Juan Manuel Santisteban, Spain, Giro d’Italia, 1976
• 1980s
  • Joaquim Agostinho, Portugal, during the Tour of Algarve in 1984
  • Emilio Ravasio, Italy, Giro d’Italia, 1986
  • Michelle Goffin, Belgium, Tour du Haut-Var, 1987
  • Vicente Mata, Spain, Trofeo Luis Puig, 1987
  • Connie Meijer, Netherlands, criterium in the Netherlands, 1988
• 1990s
  • Fabio Casartelli, Italy, Tour de France, 1995
  • José Antonio Espinosa, Spain, a race in Fuenlabrada, 1996
  • Manuel Sanroma, Spain, Volta a Catalunya, 1999
• 2000s
  • Saúl Morales, Spain, Tour of Argentina, 2000
  • Nicole Reinhart, United States, Arlington Circuit Race, 2000
  • Andrei Kivilev, Kazakhstan, Paris-Nice, 2003
  • Juan Barrero, Colombia, Tour of Colombia, 2004
  • Tim Pauwels, Belgium, a cyclo-cross race in Belgium, 2004
  • Alessio Galletti, Italy, Subida al Naranco, 2005
  • Isaac Gálvez, Spain, Six Days of Ghent, 2006
  • Bruno Neves, Portugal, Clássica de Amarante, 2008

Deaths during training or another reason related to cycling

The following cyclists did not die during a race, but during training or another reason related to cycling:

• Franz Suter, Switzerland, 1 June 1914. Struck by a train while training near Courbevoie, France.
• Edith Atkins, England. Was hit by a car while pushing her bicycle across a pedestrian road crossing.
• Adolphe Heliére, France. Drowned while swimming during a rest day of the Tour de France, 1910
• Ottavio Bottecchia, Italy, 14 June 1927. Found by the side of the road with bruises and serious skull fracture, possibly the result of a serious fall.
• Tommy Godwin (cyclist born 1912) United Kingdom. 1975. Heart failure, aged 63, returning from a ride to Tutbury Castle with friends
• Antonio Martín, Spain. He was killed by a truck while training near Madrid, 1994
• Dave Bedwell, United Kingdom. Heart failure while on Cyclists Touring Club ride. 28 February 1999, aged 70.
• Beryl Burton, United Kingdom. Heart failure, 8 May 1996.
• Anders Nilsson, Sweden, 2000. National team member in Triathlon, professional. Died when hit by a car during bicycle training.
• Ricardo Otxoa, Spain. He was hit by a car during a training together with his brother Javier, who survived, 2001
• Lauri Aus, Estonia. Hit by a car on his way to the Estonian National Cycling Championship, 2003
• Stive Vermaut, Belgium. Stopped professional cycling in 2002 because of heart problems. Had a heart attack during a recreational ride in 2004 and died a few weeks later.
• Amy Gillett, Australia. Head-on collision with a car in Germany on 18 July 2005, while training with her squad.
• Scott Peoples, Australia. Struck from behind and killed on a training ride in December 2006 in Victoria.
• Luke Harrop, Australia. Struck by a car and killed on the Gold Coast, Brisbane, Australia in 2002 on a training ride. The driver did not stop.
• Ryan Cox, South Africa. Burst artery in leg on 1 August 2007, shortly after surgery.
• Ben Mikic, Australia. Struck by a car while on a training ride in April 2007 in Sydney, Australia
• Jason MacIntyre, Scotland, UK. Struck by a vehicle on a training ride in January 2008
• Frederiek Nolf, Belgium. Died in his sleep during the Tour of Qatar 2009

Fitness Programs

antique dolls

In mathematics, a split-biquaternion is a member of the Clifford algebra C?_0,3(R). This is the geometric algebra generated by three orthogonal imaginary unit basis directions, {e₁, e₂, e₃} under the combination rule

giving an algebra spanned by the 8 basis elements {1, e₁, e₂, e₃, e₁e₂, e₂e₃, e₃e₁, e₁e₂e₃}, with (e₁e₂)² = (e₂e₃)² = (e₃e₁)² = -1 and (? = e₁e₂e₃)² = +1.

The sub-algebra spanned by the 4 elements {1, i = e₁, j = e₂, k = e₁e₂} is the division ring of Hamilton’s quaternions, H = C?_0,2(R)

One can therefore see that

where D = C?_1,0(R) is the algebra spanned by {1, ?}, the algebra of the split-complex numbers.

Equivalently,

Split-biquaternion group

The split-biquaternions form an associative ring as is clear from considering multiplications in its basis. When ? is adjoined to the quaternion group one obtains a 16 element group ({1, i, j, k, -1, -i, -j, -k, ?, ?i, ?j, ?k, -?, -?i, -?j, -?k},•).

Hamilton biquaternion

The split-biquaternions should not be confused with the (ordinary) biquaternions previously introduced by William Rowan Hamilton. Hamilton’s biquaternions are elements of the algebra

See also

• split-octonions

very first

Hojjatieh (in Persian: ????? ????? ) — also called Hojjatieh Society — is a semi-clandestine traditionalist Shia organization founded in Iran in 1953 (in Tehran) by Shaikh Mahmoud Halabi (a Tehrani mullah of Arab ancestry from Mashhad; 1900-1998). The organization was founded on the premise that the most immediate threat to Islam was (what Shaikh Halabi believed) was the Bahá’í religion, which they viewed as a heresy that must be eliminated. The group also opposes both Sunniism and the Khomeinist concept of Velayat-e Faqih.

Halabi is said to have worked with SAVAK security agency under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, offering his full cooperation in fighting “other heathen forces, including the Communists.” By doing so he was given freedom to recruit members and raise funds, and by 1977 Hojjatieh is said to have had 12,000 members. However, since the Shah’s regime, in Halabi’s view, allowed the Baha’is too much freedom, he then supported Khomeini’s movement to overthrow the Shah.

The group flourished during the 1979 revolution that ousted the Shah and installed an Islamic government in his place. However it was forced to dissolve after Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini speech on 12 August 1983 .

Doctrine

The Mahdi is the prophesied future redeemer of Islam. According to legal scholar Noah Feldman, the “Hojjatiya Society, was banned and persecuted by Khomeini’s government in part for its quiescent view that the mahdi’s arrival could not be hastened.” Misinterpretation of the society’s position “outside Iran” as the opposite of what it is has led some to think its supporters “want to bring back the imam by violence, rather than … wait piously and prepare for the imam’s eventual return on his own schedule.” A corollary of this belief is that only with the mahdi’s arrival can a genuine Islamic republic be established, and this earned them their persecution under Khomeini. Those who adhere to this perspective claim Hojjatieh is a millenarian group who put great stock on the return of the Mahdi and the idea of such a return bringing happiness to true believers.

Rumored members

Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi is reported to be the highest ranking member of the Hojjatieh. He denies this and has said that if anyone finds a connection between him and Hojjatieh, he will denounce everything he stands for. The current president of Iran Mahmoud Ahmadinejad is also rumored to be an advocate of Hojjatieh through the influence of Ayatollah Yazdi, who was his mentor. Feldman writing in the New York Times suggests this rumor was spread by Ahmadinejad’s enemies.

Asia Times reports that Ahmad Tavassoli, a former chief of staff of Khomeini, claimed in 2005 that “the executive branch of the Iranian government as well as the crack troops of the Revolutionary Guards have been hijacked by the Hojjatieh, which, he implied, now also controls Ahmadinejad.” According to the report, Hojjatieh were endangering Iran by working for Shia supremacy,

See also

• Haghani Circle
• Persecution of Bahá’ís

References

1. ^ Taheri, Amir, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p.189-90
2. ^ Taheri, The Spirit of Allah, (1985), p.189-90
3. ^ Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age By NOAH FELDMAN. October 29, 2006 New York Times
4. ^ : SharifNews.ir:: ???????? ?????: ?????????? ?????? ???? ???
5. ^ Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age - By NOAH FELDMAN. October 29, 2006 New York Times
6. ^ Shi’ite supremacists emerge from Iran’s shadows, Sep 9, 2005 Asia Times

nanette lepore day tripper jacket

1968

The Official World Golf Rankings is a system for rating the performance level of male professional golfers. They were introduced in 1986 and are endorsed by the four major championships and the six professional tours which make up the International Federation of PGA Tours, namely the PGA Tour, the European Tour, the Asian Tour, the PGA Tour of Australasia, the Japan Golf Tour, and the Sunshine Tour. Points are also awarded for high finishes on the Canadian Tour, Nationwide Tour and Challenge Tour.

History

The initiative for the creation of the Official World Golf Rankings came from the Championship Committee of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, which found in the 1980s that its system of issuing invitations to The Open Championship on a tour by tour basis was omitting an increasing number of top players because more of them were dividing their time between tours, and from preeminent sports agent Mark McCormack, who was the first chairman of the International Advisory Committee which oversees the rankings. The system used to calculate the rankings was developed from McCormack’s World Golf Rankings, which were published in his World of Professional Golf Annual from 1968 to 1985, although these were purely unofficial and not used for any wider purpose (such as inviting players to major tournaments).

The first ranking list was published prior to the 1986 Masters Tournament. The top six ranked golfers were: Bernhard Langer, Seve Ballesteros, Sandy Lyle, Tom Watson, Mark O’Meara and Greg Norman. Thus the top three were all European, but there were thirty-one Americans in the top fifty (compared with twelve at the end of 2008).

The method of calculation of the rankings has changed considerably over the years. Initially, the rankings were calculated over a three year period, with the current year’s points multiplied by four, the previous year’s points by two and the third year’s points by one. Rankings were based on the total points and points awarded were restricted to integer values. All tournaments recognised by the world’s professional tours, and some leading invitational events, were graded into categories ranging from major championship (whose winners would receive 50 points) to “other tournaments” (whose winners would receive a minimum of 8). In all events, other finishers received points on a diminishing scale that began with runners-up receiving 60% of the winners’ points, and the number of players in the field receiving points would be the same as the points awarded to the winner. In a major, for example, all players finishing 30th to 40th would receive 2 points, and all players finishing 50th or higher, 1 point.

Beginning in April 1989, the rankings were changed to be based on the average points per event played instead of simply total points earned, subject to a minimum divisor of 60 (20 events per year). This was in order to more accurately reflect the status of some (particularly older) players, who played in far fewer events than their younger contemporaries but demonstrated in major championships that their ranking was artificially low. Tom Watson, for example, finished in the top 15 of eight major championships between 1987 and 1989, yet had a “total points” ranking of just 40th; this became 20th when the system changed to “average points”. A new system for determining the “weight” of each tournament was also introduced, based on the strength of the tournament’s field in terms of their pre-tournament world rankings. Major championships were guaranteed to remain at 50 points for the winners, and all other events could attain a maximum of 40 points for the winner if all of the world’s top 100 were present. In practice most PGA Tour events awarded around 25 points to the winner, European Tour events around 18 and JPGA Tour events around 12.

In 1996, the three year period was reduced to two years, with the current year now counting double. Points were extended to more of the field, beginning in 2000, and were no longer restricted to integer values. Beginning in September 2001, the tapering system was changed so that instead of the points for each result being doubled if they occurred in the most recent 12 months, one eighth of the initial “multiplied up” value was deducted every 13 weeks. This change effectively meant that players could now be more simply described as being awarded 100 points (not 50) for winning a major. Beginning in 2007, the system holds the points from each event at full value for 13 weeks and then reduces them in equal weekly increments over the remainder of the two year period.

At first only the Championship Committee of the Royal and Ancient used the rankings for official purposes, but the PGA Tour recognized them in 1990, and in 1997 all five of the then principal men’s golf tours did so. The rankings, which had previously been called the Sony Rankings, were renamed the Official World Golf Rankings at that time. They are run from offices in Virginia Water in Surrey, England.

Twelve players have been Official World No. 1. Seve Ballesteros took over from Bernhard Langer shortly after Langer had been the first ranking leader in 1986 and then vied with Greg Norman for the No.1 spot for three years, when Nick Faldo took over as Greg Norman’s main rival. Ian Woosnam and Fred Couples held the position at various times during 1991 and 1992 before Nick Faldo took over again until 1994, when Nick Price’s career year took him to No. 1. Greg Norman would return to the top ranking in 1995 and 1996, then after a single week at No. 1 by Tom Lehman, Tiger Woods dominated the position from 1997 to 2005 with brief interruptions from Ernie Els and David Duval. In September 2004 Vijay Singh became the twelfth World No. 1, and he and Woods swapped the position several times in 2005, but Woods eventually opened a wide lead. Woods’ lead over his nearest rivals in the rankings in June 2008 was large enough that he remained number one at the end of that year, despite taking six months off following knee surgery. Woods holds the longest consecutive streak as No. 1 at 264 weeks.

Calculation of the rankings

Points are awarded on the basis of final positions in official money events on the qualifying tours. For each tour, a minimum number of points are available for each event. For most events the actual number of points available depends on the current rankings (top 200) of the participating golfers and the ranking of the top 30 golfers entered from the “home tour”. Major championships have a fixed number of 100 points for the winner. In addition, most tours have a “premier event” that is guaranteed a much higher minimum point level.

The winners of the three individual events in the World Golf Championships series generally receive 70 to 78 points. The winner of most PGA Tour events gains a number of points in the range from 24 to the 70s, and most European Tour events offer a points tally between 24 and 50s for the winner. Before 2007 the official points allocations were half these levels, and they were initially doubled up to calculate weighted points. For example a major championship win carried 50 points for the winner, which was initially given a weighting of two, so the adjusted points tally was 100. This system, which was confusing and had no apparent advantages, was abandoned in mid 2007. Tournaments which are reduced to 54 holes by inclement weather or other factors retain full points, but if a tournament is reduced to 36 holes, its points allocation is reduced by 25%.

Each player’s personal ranking is calculated from the ranking points he has obtained over the previous two years. Firstly, his points from all the tournaments he has played in are scaled down over a two year period. The full value of a tournament holds for 13 weeks, but from then on it is reduced in equal weekly increments over the remainder of the two year period, in order to give priority to recent form. The player’s adjusted points are then totalled, and this total is divided by the number of ranking tournaments in which he has participated over the previous two years, subject to a minimum denominator of 40 tournaments. The resulting averages for all players are put into descending order to produce the ranking table. This means that the player who has obtained most cumulative success does not necessarily come top of the rankings: it is average performance levels that are important, and some golfers play substantially more tournaments than others. Players with full membership of one of the larger tours (that is, almost all players in the top few hundred in the rankings) usually play between 20 and 35 ranking tournaments each year, unless they are injured. New rankings are released every Monday.

Importance of the rankings

A professional golfer’s ranking is of considerable significance to his career. For example, a ranking in the World Top 50 explicitly grants automatic entry to four majors and the three World Golf Championships, see table below. Also, ranking points are the sole criterion for selection for the International Team in the Presidents Cup and one of the qualification criteria for the European Ryder Cup team - and playing in either of those tournaments gives a player an automatic two year exemption on the PGA Tour. The rankings are also used to help select the field for various other tournaments.

Note: The PGA Championship does not have an official automatic entry based on the Official World Golf Ranking but has invited those in the top 100 for the last several years. It makes note of its strong field by referencing the number of top 100 ranked golfers entered in its press releases.

The rankings are well known to those who follow men’s professional golf and feature prominently in media coverage of the sport. When Vijay Singh temporarily ended Tiger Woods’ record run as world number 1 in 2004 it was one of the most reported golf stories of the year.

Current rankings

These are the top 10 ranked golfers and their point tallies as of June 28, 2009.

Rank	Change	Player	Country	Points
1	?	Tiger Woods	United States	10.28
2	?	Phil Mickelson	United States	8.44
3	?	Paul Casey	England	6.91
4	? 3	Kenny Perry	United States	6.42
5	? 1	Sergio García	Spain	6.19
6	? 1	Henrik Stenson	Sweden	5.96
7	? 1	Geoff Ogilvy	Australia	5.93
8	?	Steve Stricker	United States	5.34
9	? 1	Jim Furyk	United States	4.98
10	? 1	Vijay Singh	Fiji	4.92

Tiger Woods set the record for the highest Points Average on June 3, 2001, when he ended the week with an average of 32.44 (1459.64 points averaged over 45 events).

Tiger Woods also achieved the largest ever lead of 19.40 average points in the rankings on May 20, 2001. His lead was over then world number two Phil Mickelson following his victory at the Deutsche Bank - SAP Open TPC of Europe.

Ernie Els holds the record for most weeks in the World Top 10, with 758. He is followed by Greg Norman (646 weeks) and Tiger Woods (638 weeks).

Number 1 ranked golfers

Weeks	Player	Country	Order	Majors
554	Tiger Woods	United States	9	14
331	Greg Norman	Australia	3	2
98	Nick Faldo	England	4	6
61	Seve Ballesteros	Spain	2	5
50	Ian Woosnam	Wales	5	1
43	Nick Price	Zimbabwe	7	3
32	Vijay Singh	Fiji	12	3
16	Fred Couples	United States	6	1
15	David Duval	United States	11	1
9	Ernie Els	South Africa	10	3
3	Bernhard Langer	Germany	1	2
1	Tom Lehman	United States	8	1
Order – indicates the sequence in which the players first reached number 1. Majors – number of major championships each player has won throughout their golfing career.

These are the golfers who have topped the rankings, in order of the number of weeks they have spent at Number 1 up to June 28, 2009, at which date Tiger Woods was World Number 1. His current spell at the top of the rankings is his tenth. It began on June 12, 2005 when he regained first place from Vijay Singh.

Of these players Bernhard Langer and Seve Ballesteros would be most likely to gain additional weeks at number 1 if the rankings were backdated to before April 1986, with Ballesteros also being ranked number one in Mark McCormack’s world golf rankings in 1983, 1984, and 1985, which were only published at the end of each year. Tom Watson was number one according to that system from 1978 to 1982. Jack Nicklaus was number one on those year-end rankings from 1968 to 1977 inclusive, and would have been likely to have been number one from around 1965 onwards if the McCormack rankings were backdated.

Discussion caused by the “number one” ranking

On a few occasions the ranking system has caused discussion about whether it has produced the “right” World Number One. This usually occurs when the number one ranked player has not won a major championship during the ranking period, while a rival has won more than one - notably in 1990, when Nick Faldo remained ranked just behind Greg Norman despite winning three majors in two years. On that occasion, as detailed in Mark McCormack’s “World of Professional Golf 1991″ annual, it was also the case (but less apparent) that Norman had won 14 events during the ranking period, to Faldo’s 10, and when the two had competed in the same tournament, had finished ahead of his rival 19 times to 11. At the end of 1996 and 1997, Greg Norman also remained narrowly ahead of first Tom Lehman, and then Tiger Woods and Ernie Els, in the rankings, despite his rivals enjoying major victories in those years while he won none. In 1998, Woods himself finished the year ranked number one, after a season in which Mark O’Meara won two major titles while Woods won just once on the PGA Tour. When Vijay Singh won the PGA Championship in 2004 and with it took the number one ranking, the change served to highlight the fact that Woods had not won a major for over two years. Woods responded by winning the very next major, the 2005 Masters, and with it regained the number one spot. Following knee surgery in the summer of 2008, Woods missed the entire second half of the year, while Pádraig Harrington won two major championships, to add to the Open Championship he won in 2007. Despite earning no further ranking points during his absence, Woods remained number one on the ranking system in December 2008.

Breakdown by nationality

A breakdown of the year-end top-100 by nationality.

Country	2008	2007	2006	2005	2004	2003	2002	2001	2000	1999	1998	1997	1996	1995	1994	1993	1992	1991	1990
United States	31	34	39	41	41	49	47	48	51	56	55	56	58	56	52	49	53	60	58
United Kingdom	12	11	15	16	13	13	9	12	8	7	8	8	9	9	16	17	13	12	10
–  England	8	9	11	11	7	7	4	4	1	2	3	3	4	5	8	9	7	5	3
–  Northern Ireland	4	0	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	3	3	2	2	2
–  Scotland	0	1	1	1	3	3	2	5	4	3	3	3	3	2	4	4	3	4	4
–  Wales	0	1	2	2	1	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Australia	10	12	11	12	11	7	9	5	5	6	9	8	7	8	8	9	11	11	12
South Africa	9	7	6	5	5	5	4	3	3	3	3	3	3	2	5	5	3	3	2
Japan	8	3	5	5	4	4	5	9	9	7	5	5	6	7	3	3	5	4	4
Sweden	7	6	6	3	4	3	4	6	5	4	4	3	2	3	4	5	3	0	0
Spain	5	4	4	3	2	5	2	3	4	3	2	3	1	4	3	3	3	3	4
Denmark	3	3	1	1	2	1	3	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Argentina	2	2	1	1	2	3	4	4	3	2	1	1	0	1	1	1	2	1	1
Canada	2	2	2	2	1	1	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Thailand	2	2	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Colombia	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Fiji	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
Germany	1	2	0	1	2	2	2	1	1	2	1	1	2	2	1	1	1	1	1
India	1	2	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Ireland	1	1	2	2	2	1	2	2	3	1	1	2	3	1	0	0	1	1	3
Italy	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0
New Zealand	1	1	1	2	1	3	4	1	1	1	2	2	3	3	2	1	1	1	1
South Korea	1	2	3	2	3	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Taiwan	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0
Austria	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
China	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Finland	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
France	0	1	0	2	2	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Namibia	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Paraguay	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Philippines	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Zimbabwe	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	2	1	1	1	1	1	2	3	3	3	2	3

A breakdown of the year-end top-100 by eligibility for the major team competitions: Ryder Cup (USA vs. Europe) and Presidents Cup (USA vs. non-European international team).

*Two men tied for 100th place.
Note: The Presidents Cup was founded in 1994.

Rankings archive

Year end world number 1 ranked golfers

Mark H. McCormack Award - Most weeks at number 1 during calendar year

• 1998 Tiger Woods
• 1999 Tiger Woods (2)
• 2000 Tiger Woods (3)
• 2001 Tiger Woods (4)
• 2002 Tiger Woods (5)
• 2003 Tiger Woods (6)
• 2004 Tiger Woods (7)
• 2005 Tiger Woods (8)
• 2006 Tiger Woods (9)
• 2007 Tiger Woods (10)
• 2008 Tiger Woods (11)

Year end world top 10 players and ranking point tallies

See History section above for notes on changes to method of calculation.

Single-season total ranking points leaders

Although not recognized by any official award, these golfers have won the most World Ranking Points during the years for which the rankings have been calculated:

• 1984 Tom Watson
• 1985 Bernhard Langer
• 1986 Greg Norman
• 1987 Seve Ballesteros and Ian Woosnam
• 1988 Seve Ballesteros
• 1989 Greg Norman
• 1990 José María Olazábal
• 1991 Seve Ballesteros
• 1992 Nick Faldo
• 1993 Greg Norman
• 1994 Ernie Els
• 1995 Greg Norman
• 1996 Tom Lehman
• 1997 Ernie Els
• 1998 Mark O’Meara
• 1999 Tiger Woods
• 2000 Tiger Woods
• 2001 Tiger Woods
• 2002 Tiger Woods
• 2003 Vijay Singh
• 2004 Vijay Singh
• 2005 Tiger Woods
• 2006 Tiger Woods
• 2007 Tiger Woods
• 2008 Tiger Woods

World Money List

Since 1996, the International Federation of PGA Tours has sanctioned a World Money List which is the total official money earned by a player on all member tours. It is computed in United States dollars. The yearly leaders are listed below.

Notes and references

1. ^ The Players Championship is the premier event that is sanctioned only by the PGA Tour. The four major championships are co-sanctioned by the PGA Tour and have higher points allocations than The Players Championship.
2. ^ The BMW PGA Championship (which is historically the British PGA Championship) is the leading event that is sanctioned by the European Tour only. The four major championships and the three individual World Golf Championships events are co-sanctioned by the European Tour and have higher ranking point allocations than the BMW PGA Championship.
3. ^ The Japan Open is the leading event that is sanctioned by the Japanese Tour only. The four major championships and the three individual World Golf Championships events are co-sanctioned by the Japan Golf Tour and have higher ranking point allocations than the Japan Open
4. ^ The Volvo Masters of Asia is the Asian Tour championship and is designated as the tour’s premier event for ranking purposes, but the tour’s richest sole sanctioned event, the Singapore Open, and several events that are co-sanctioned with the European Tour, offer more ranking points based on strength of field factor.
5. ^ Official World Golf Ranking - Top Tens, Golf Today 4 February 2007
6. ^ 69 Players Who Have Reached the Top-10 in World Ranking, Official World Golf Ranking official site, 31 December 2007
7. ^ “Players who have reached the Top Ten in the Official World Golf Ranking since 1986″ (PDF). European Tour Official Guide 09 (38th ed.). PGA European Tour. 2009. p. 558. http://www.europeantour.com/default.sps?pagegid={00387D2B-9D40-40B9-B2AC-C46939A8370B}. Retrieved on 2009-01-16. 

See also

• List of World Number One male golfers
• Women’s World Golf Rankings - for female professional golfers
• World Amateur Golf Rankings - for male amateur golfers

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maps

The Desierto de los Leones (Desert of the Lions) National Park is located entirely within the limits of the Federal District, it stretches between Cuajimalpa and Alvaro Obregon boroughs. It is located in the Sierra de las Cruces mountain range west of the city center with an area of 1,867 hectares, representing fifteen percent of the entire Valley of Mexico. The area was used as a retreat for a religious group, thus the name Desierto (Desert) means not “arid place”, but not populated. The “Leones” part of the name does not refer to the animals, but rather to the original landlord’s lastname..

The park’s altitude varies between 2,600 and 3,700 meters above sea level, giving the area a relatively cold and damp climate. It is a forested area primarily with pines, oyamel firs and holm oaks with many brooks, ravines and waterfalls. The park is considered to be the oldest protected biosphere in Mexico. It was originally declared a forest reserve in 1876 by President Lerdo de Tejada with the intent of conserving its fresh water springs to supply Mexico City. It was later declared a national park on 27 November, 1917, by President Venustiano Carranza.

Name

The park’s name, Desierto de los Leones is largely due the Carmelite monastery situated just north of its center. Carmelite monks called their residences “deserts.” but the exact origin of “de los Leones” is not known. The first monastery complex was constructed between 1606 and 1611. By 1711, this structure had deteriorated greatly. It was demolished and a new one was built in its place adjoining just south of the original complex. By the end of the 18th century, the cold, damp weather and increasingly-frequent visitors forced the monks to move their monastery to Tenancingo in 1801. The monastery was declared a national monument on 16 May 1937. The 18th century structure has a number of areas that have been restored and opened to the public. In addition to the old monastery, the park attracts visitors for the nature that surrounds the complex. The park offers activities such as day camping, overnight camping, hiking, and mountain biking. The forest area of the park has deteriorated due to natural and man-made reasons. There is a insect plague in many of the trees, and insufficient vigilance and control of access has led to the park being used for pasture, garbage dumping, , logging, and off-path mountain biking by the park’s neighbors.

The biosphere

The park is located in the Federal District of Mexico City distributed between the boroughs of Cuajimalpa and Álvaro Obregón. Its altitude varies between 2,600 and 3,700 meters above sea level. The park is seven km long, three km wide with an area of 1,867 hectares. It is one of the most important natural areas of the Federal District, protecting much of the Sierra de las Cruces mountain range and represents about 15% of the Valley of Mexico. The climate of the park is relatively cold and damp due to its altitude. It rains here daily much of the year and fog is common year round. Because of this climate and the rugged terrain, it has many ravines, brooks, streams and a number of waterfalls. Plant life is dominated by pines, oyamel firs and holm oaks, which are broken up by meadows.(resdesc) Other flora include Hartweg’s Pine Sigesbeckia, alchemilla procumbens, sage, little leaf snowberries , muhlenbergia, festuca, calamagrostis, lupins, beard-tongue, ragwort, muly, and oaks. Animal life in the park has decreased significantly since it was established. Animals that can still be found include raccoons, rabbits, squirrels, white-tailed deer,lynxes, ring-tailed cats, coyotes, grey foxes, skunks, bats, long-tailed shrews, salamanders, rattlesnakes and lizards There are a number of species of birds including bluebirds, American robins, sparrowhawks, red-tailed hawks, turkey buzzards, kestrels,peregrine falcons and song thrushes. The park is considered to be the oldest protected biosphere in Mexico. It was originally declared a forest reserved in 1876 by President Lerdo de Tejada with the intent of conserving its fresh water springs to supply Mexico City. It was later declared a national park on 27 November 1917 by President Venustiano Carranza who was motivated by the area’s landscape and the cultural value of the abandoned monastery which lends its name to the park. The park remained under federal management until 2000, when Secretary of the Environment, Natural Resources and Fishing gave control of the park to the government of Mexico City.(correon)

The old monastery

The name of the park, Desierto de los Leones (Desert of the Lions in English) largely comes from the Carmelite monastery situated just north of its center. Carmelite monks called their residences “deserts” because they served as isolation from the mundane world. The monastery’s original name was Santo Desierto de Nuestra Señora del Carmen de los Montes de Santa Fe. The exact origin of “de los Leones” is not known, but a number of theories exist. One is that the “de los Leones” came from a dispute between two brothers whose last name was Leon and local powerbroker José Patiño Ixtolinque over rights to the land. Another states that the name came from the lynxes that inhabit the area, and another states that it came from one of the attorneys, Jose Manuel de Leon, who was entrusted to handle the secular affairs of the order, giving the impression that the attorney’s family owned the land.

The monastery was built in the very early 17th century for a group of Carmelite monks who came from Italy to evangelize the Native Americans. They received the financial backing of Don Melchor de Cuéllar. Originally Melchor stipulated that the monastery be built ten leagues from the city of Puebla. However, in these mountains, then known as Santa Fe, an image of John the Baptist reportedly appeared in San Mateo Tlaltenango before Friar Juan de la Madre de Dios. This caused Cuellar to accept this location for the monastery. Pedro Cortés, the Marquis de Valle de Oaxaca and grandson of Hernan Cortes, objected to the appropriation of the land before the vice royal government. However, he was overruled, and the monks obtained the rights to the land and permission to build from the vice royal government in 1604. The monastery was constructed by Friar Andrés de San Miguel between 1606 and 1611. The first stone was laid on 23 January 1606 by then-Viceroy Juan de Mendoza y Luna. It was a relatively simple structure of two stories, with a wood shingle roof, narrow corridors and small rooms called “cells” for the monks to sleep and study in. A 12,570 meter wall was built with only one opening facing the town of Cuajimalpa which still remains.

By 1711, this structure had deteriorated greatly due to the area’s dampness, a number of fires and a strong earthquake. It was demolished and new one built in its place. A one story structure was built adjoining south of the old site, with the old site becoming a large patio area just outside the main entrance of the new structure. On 8 February 1712, Brother Pedro del Espiritú laid the first stone of the new monastery. Work continued under Manuel de Herrera and was finished by José Antonio de Roa. At the same time, ten small hermitages were built in the forest outside of the monasteries walls.

By the end of the 18th century, the inclement weather and increasingly-frequent visitors forced the monks to move their monastery to Tenancingo in 1801, taking with them the remains of their original benefactor Don Melchor de Cuéllar. The ceded their rights to the land to the newly-independent Mexican government in the early 19th century. In 1845, General Santa Anna began to use the area for military exercises and as barracks for his artillery corps. Later, the main church of the complex was gutted, and in its place was a glass factory, which also operated as a foundry for counterfeit coins.

During the Mexican Revolution, the site was occupied by rebel forces. The monastery was declared a national monument on 16 May 1937. The 18th century structure has a number of areas that have been restored and open to the public. Just inside the main entrance is the Patio de la Hosteria. In one of the walls surrounding this patio there is a stone from the 17th century structure inscribed to the memory of its patron Melchor de Cuéllar. In the middle of the structure is the dining area. Here, there is a prominent shelf on which was displayed a human skull to remind the monks of the fragility of mortal life and to encourage them not to enjoy their food too much. For many years, the displayed skull belonged to a Brother Damian de San Basilio, a brother of the monastery, which was put there in honor of his virtue. Only the outside of monastery’s church can be seen as the interior has not been restored. On its façade, the shield of the Carmelite Order and a stain glass window depicting Mount Carmel can be seen. In the center of this façade, there used to be an image of the Our Lady of Mount Carmel with niches containing statues of the prophets Elijah and Elisha. The first stone from the earlier monastery is embedded here, inscribed to honor Viceroy Mendoza y Luna, who authorized the monastery’s founding. The choir had an altarpiece with a life-sized crucifix and served as the main altar. This crucifix was called the “Lord of the Seven Fortunes” and was surrounded by paintings depicting the crucifixion.

Under the monastery is the basement area, which is almost completely dark, damp and cold. Although widely believed to have been used for punishment, they were built to allow water from nearby springs to flow underneath and be used for mundane purposes such as watering the gardens and cleaning. This cold running water also allowed them to use parts of the basement area to refrigerate foods. Outside the main gate of the monastery, just beyond the traces of the walls of the original monastery, is the “Chapel of Secrets.” It has a domed roof and its acoustics allowed monks face into the corner to speak to another monk during the long stretches of imposed silence in the monastery. Surrounding the entire complex is the “Barda de la Excomunicacion” (Wall of Excommunication) named so because supposedly any woman that crossed it was subject to excommunication from the Catholic Church.

Ten small hermitages were built with the monastery and are named San José, San Elias, San Juan Bautista, Santa María Magdalena, Santa Soledad, San Alberto, Getsemaní, de la Trinidad, San Juan de la Cruz and Santa Bibiana. They are small, with an oratory, a bed, a small kitchen and a wall surrounding the building. The hermitage of Santa Bibiana was replaced with a chapel. Three of the closest hermitages are La Soledad, La Trinidad and Getsemani with a path leading to them from the monastery. The structure furthest from the monastery is the chapel/hermitage built at the top of San Miguel Peak.

As a recreational and ecotourism attraction

The ex-monastery occasionally holds art exhibits, but the park’s main attraction is the nature that surrounds the complex. The park offers activities such as day camping, overnight camping, hiking, and mountain biking. Facilities include picnic tables, grills, children’s playgrounds. There are also shops selling wood handcrafts and restaurants near the old monastery.

Problems of the park

The forest area of the park has deteriorated due to natural and man-made reasons. Some of the natural problems include the arrival of a larva that strips barks from trees and residual problems from a forest fire in 1998, which destroyed about 450 hectares in the higher elevations of the park. Now there is a fire station called Brigada Regional Uno de la Delegación Cuajimalpa in the community of La Venta and an observation tower at San Miguel peak to watch for fires. There are also trees that are dying from acid rain. Other problems are man-made, as there is insufficient control over human activities in the forest. No one lives in the park proper but urban development has nearly surrounded the entire forest and over 16,000 people live right on the park’s borders. There is insufficient vigilance and control of access especially in the southern section. Parts of the park are being used for pasture, garbage dumping, logging, and off-path mountain biking.

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Coordinates: 19°15?12?N 99°19?51?W? / ?19.25333°N 99.33083°W? / 19.25333; -99.33083

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K?vágósz?l?s
K?vágósz?l?s Location of K?vágósz?l?s
Coordinates: 46°04?53?N 18°07?26?E? / ?46.08126°N 18.12388°E? / 46.08126; 18.12388
Country	Hungary
County	Baranya
Area
- Total	18.25 km2 (7 sq mi)
Population (2004)
- Total	1,331
- Density	72.93/km2 (188.9/sq mi)
Time zone	CET (UTC+1)
- Summer (DST)	CEST (UTC+2)
Postal code	7673
Area code(s)	72

K?vágósz?l?s (Croatian: Kovasiluš) is a village in Baranya county, Hungary.

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Peter Coke (pronounced /?k?k/ “cook”) (3 April 1913 – 30 July 2008) was a British actor, playwright and artist.

Personal life

Peter John Coke was born in Southsea on 3 April 1913. His father was a commander in the Navy, who took his family to Kenya to run a linen plantation, however, this venture failed and he began to run a coffee plantation. Coke was educated at Stowe School and later lived with his maternal grandmother in Menton, France.

Coke returned to England and took acting lessons from a grand actress in her eighties and was later admitted to study at RADA.

He lived with his partner Fred Webb for many years until Webb died in 2003. Coke died aged 95 at his home in Sharrington, Norfolk on 30 July 2008.

Career

Coke graduated from RADA aged 24 and was named one of the Daily Mail’s ‘Stars of the Future’. He was also reportedly offered a seven year contract in Hollywood, though declined as he “will be a better actor in a few years, and Hollywood will still want him. If he goes now, he will be forgotten.” Coke made his film debut in 1937’s comedy Missing, Believed Married and later starred in 1938’s The Return of Carol Deane and Keep Smiling.

During World War II he served with the Royal Artillery in Italy and reached the rank of major. He was demobbed in 1944 and found that his time away from the cameras had affected his performance. He opened an antiques stall on Portobello market, later progressing to a shop on New King’s Road. He returned to theatre in the 1940s, and in 1950 he started writing plays as a sideline. His first play, The Isle of Umbrellas (co-written with Mabel L Tyrell) was produced at the Embassy.

In 1953, Coke portrayed the role of William in the film The Blakes Slept Here. In 1954, he became the seventh actor to take the role of Paul Temple in the long-running radio drama series based on the novels of Francis Durbridge. The first radio play he starred in was Paul Temple and the Gilbert Case. He played the role until 1968, when he appeared in Paul Temple and the Alex Affair. These outings have become a mainstay of BBC Radio 7 schedules.

Between 1958 and 1988 he wrote eleven plays, including his most famous Breath of Spring, which was successful in both the West End and Broadway. Coke continued to take film roles and television parts, including a minor role as Lt. Lashwood in Carry on Admiral in 1957.

Through his work with antiques, he became interested in shell art, and started to produce his own pieces. He had his own personal gallery next to his home at Sharrington Hall in Sharrington, Norfolk, where he worked daily producing pieces. In April 2006, he opened the Peter Coke Shell Gallery in part of the recently restored fishing sheds on West Cliff at Sheringham in north Norfolk. He later exhibited his works at the Sloane Club in Lower Sloane Street in December 2006.

Plays

• The Isle of Umbrellas (co-written by Mabel L Tyrell)
• Breath of Spring (1958)
• Gentle Guardsmen (1961)
• Sleepy Mermaid (1962)
• Fool’s Paradise (1963)
• In Confidence (1964)
• Face To Face (1965)
• Midsummer Mink (1965)
• The Man Who Wrote In Bed (1968)
• Taxpayers’ Waltz (1970)
• What Are Little Girls Made Of? (1978)
• Autumn Manoeuvres (1983)
• Winter Glory (1988)

References

1. ^ ^{a b} “Tribute to Peter Coke, memorial”, Lasting Tribute. URL last accessed 2008-08-01.
2. ^ “Radio star Peter Coke dies at 95″, BBC News. URL last accessed 2008-08-01.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} “Obituaries: Peter Coke”, The Telegraph. URL last accessed 2008-08-01.
4. ^ “Peter Coke Shell Gallery”, Sheringham and District Preservation Society. URL last accessed 2008-08-01.
5. ^ “Peter Coke - After Paul Temple”. URL last accessed 2008-08-01.

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